Seasonal Variation in the Western Himalayan Basin Free Essays

string(421) " an effort to ease out some of the jobs of Himalaya, but most important work chiefly on jobs related to biostratigraphy, lithology, construction and tectonics has been carried out by Valdiya \( 1970,1973 \) ; Bhattacharya and Niyogi \( 1971 \) ; Kumar \( 1971,1978a,1979 \) ; Kumar and Pande \( 1972 \) ; Sinha \( 1975,1977,1978 \) ; Virdi \( 1976 \) ; Fuchs and Sinha \( 1978 \) , Thakur \( 1980,1981 \) ; Thakur et al\." 2.1 THE STUDY AREA Beas River In this survey, Beas Basin located in western Himalaya has been selected. Two sites viz. We will write a custom essay sample on Seasonal Variation in the Western Himalayan Basin or any similar topic only for you Order Now Manali and Bhunter were being selected for appraisal of the part of different constituent i.e. snow/ice melt overflow, rainfall overflow and land H2O overflow to Beas River. Study was besides conducted for the Parvati River at Bhunter site. Beas River originate from the eastern inclines of Rohtang base on balls of Himalayas at an lift of 3900 m and flows in about north-south way up to Larji, where it takes a about right angle bend and flows towards west up to the Bhunter. The length of the river up to the Bhunter is 80 kilometer. The catchment of the Beas basin up to Bhunter is 3384 kilometer2out of which merely 780 kilometers2is under lasting snow. Largely the catchment country comprises of hasty inclines and the stones are chiefly au naturel. The basin height varies from 1600 m near Bhunter to more than 6000 m near Beo-Toibba. Parvati is one of the major feeder which join the Beas River at Bhunter. It rises from Mantalai glacier at an height of about 5200 m ASL. Mantalai glacier is located on the western incline of the great Himalayan ranges. The basin lies between 31050 ‘ to N and 7705 ‘ to E. It drains an country of about Km2. The Parvati River basin is a hilly and cragged piece of land with altitude runing from 1096 to 6250 metres ( Figure ) . The basin presents an interact mosaic of mountain scopes, hills and vales. The mountain inclines in the basin are covered with woods and hayfields. The vales are interspersed with legion watercourses like Malana nal, Tos Nal, Kasol Nal etc. fall in the Parvati River from left and right Bankss. Some of the of import scopes of the basin are Chandrakhari Dhar, Sharkandi Dhar, Rorung Dhar, Phagachi Dhar, Rajthathi Dhar, and Ori Dhar. Western Himalaya: Western Himalaya stretches for approximately between in the E and in the West embracing an country of about sq kilometer. The mean height ranges between 600 to 6900 metre above average sea degree ( Fig ) . The outstanding characteristics include the snow clothed extremums, â€Å" U † shaped vale, truncated goads with snow-off facies, aretes, horn, pyramidal and conelike extremums, serrated cresta of ridges, corries, glacial troughs both ancestor and consequent, knife-edged precipice, smooth stone and steep head-walls. Dhauladhar, Pir-Panjal, Great Himalaya and Zanskar are the chief mountain scopes of the country ( Fig. ) . The Dhauladhar scope bases in all stateliness over the Kangra vale while the Pir-Panjal, Great Himalaya and Zanskar ranges bases land over Chamba, Lahul and Spiti and Kinnaur. The low scopes of Siwalik autumn in the south-western portion. From south to north four good defined tectonic-cum-physiographic belts with distinguishable geological formations have been recognized in the Himachal Himalaya as the outer or bomber Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, Great Himalaya and Tibetan or Tethys Himalaya. Outer Himalaya is situated in the southern most portion and it has an mean tallness of 600 m the average sea degree. This late Tertiary sedimentary belt fundamentally forms series of drops with steep inclines on the southern side. Lesser Himalaya, caught between the outer Himalaya in the South and Greater Himalaya in the North has an mean lift of 4000 m to 5000 m above average sea degree. The two major scopes viz. Dhauladhar and Pir-Panjal, tendency in NW-SE waies, ( about parallel to the regional tendency of the stone formation ) constitute the chief H2O divide of the part ( Figure- western Himalaya ) . The northern belt of the Great Himalaya, with its extremums surging highs of 5000 m to 6000 m ( amsl ) , is characterized by hasty scarps and perpendicular walled gorgeous vales with toppling and frothing rivers. The eastern extension of the Great Himalaya commences from Nanga Parbat in the West. The Pir-Panjal articulations this scope ( Great Himalaya ) near Deo-Tibba ( 5540 m ) . Chandra-Bhaga ( Lahaul and Spiti ) vale, with heavy snow bound countries, lies between these two scopes. The rugged topography of the country therefore houses maximal glaciers, which range in length from 3 to 35 kilometer. The Satluj river forms a narrow and deep gorge and cuts across the Great Himalayan scope. This scope acts as a great H2O divide between the Spiti and Beas drainage systems. The most critical base on ballss of this scope are located near Darang ( 5,548 m ) , Kangra ( 5,248 m ) , and Rohtang ( 4,043 ) and are on the Pir-Panjal Range. To the E of Great Himalaya is the Zanskar scope that separates the Tibetan basin ( term basin denoting here as a geomorphic entity ) from Himachal Himalaya. The Tibetan basin is connected with the satluj basin of Himachal through base on ballss of Sholarung and Gumarang situated on the Zanskar scope. The river Satluj cuts this scope through a gorge at Shipki ( 6,570 m ) . The Satluj basin is rugged in nature and snow edge and the vale crosses the Great Himalayn ranges near China boundary line and Kalpa ( Kinnaur ) . The general height scope from 4,500-6,500 m, of which the Kinner Kailash ( 6473 ) forms the highest extremum. The intricate moasic forms of hills, mountains and vales all over the province is the feature of the survey country. There is general addition in lift from West to east and south to north. 2.2 Geology of the Himachal Himalaya Geological Survey of India initiated about the geological surveies of Himachal Himalaya every bit early as 1860. Medlicott ( 1864 ) ; McMohan ( 1877, 1895 ) ; Oldham ( 1887, 1893 ) , Hayden ( 1904 ) ; Diener ( 1912 ) ; Pilgrim and West ( 1928 ) and Auden ( 1934 ) are the few innovator workers of this part. The important part to the geology of Himalaya in subsequent old ages have been added by Wadia ( 1931 ) ; Gansser ( 1964, 1977 ) ; Heim and Gansser ( 1975 ) ; Fuchs ( 1967,1975 ) and others. The recent work by Bhargava ( 1972a, 1975,1977b, 1979 ) ; Srikantia and Bhargava ( 1974,1976 ) , Gupta and Kumar ( 1975 ) , Srikantia ( 1981,1982 ) , Sorkhabi. , 1996, Fuchs. , 1981 is an effort to ease out some of the jobs of Himalaya, but most important work chiefly on jobs related to biostratigraphy, lithology, construction and tectonics has been carried out by Valdiya ( 1970,1973 ) ; Bhattacharya and Niyogi ( 1971 ) ; Kumar ( 1971,1978a,1979 ) ; Kumar and Pande ( 1972 ) ; Sinha ( 1975,1977,1 978 ) ; Virdi ( 1976 ) ; Fuchs and Sinha ( 1978 ) , Thakur ( 1980,1981 ) ; Thakur et al. You read "Seasonal Variation in the Western Himalayan Basin" in category "Essay examples" , ( 1991 ) ; Pande ( 1991 ) . The geological set up of the Himachal Pradesh is taken after Thakur et.al. , ( 1991 ) ( Fig ) . 2.3 CLIMATE AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE STUDY BASIN The clime is characterized by a short period of mild summer with a well terrible long winter. It has humid, sub-tropical clime in the southern low land countries, temperate in the Lesser Himalayan vales and cool ( sub-alpine ) in higher mountains. Snow-falls occur upto a tallness of 1,300 m during the winters whereas above 4,000 m the countries are under lasting snow screen. The survey country experiences a terrible winter season characterized by the happening of heavy snowfall ( Fig.Snowfall Variation figure of the basin ) at higher heights. India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) has categorised the whole twelvemonth into four season under Indian conditions. January to March is classs under winter season, April to June as summer season, July to September in monsoon season and October to December is Chactgarized as fall season ( post monsoon months ) . Seasonal fluctuation in footings of month may change  ± 15 yearss. 1 ) Summer Season AMJ ( April?June ) Climate In summer season, temperature starts to increase in Himalayan part similar to the other parts of India. Intensity of increasing the temperature is less as comparison to kick and peninsular India. April to June months are considered as summer months in Himalayan part. These 3 months are considered as theodolite period between winter and monsoon season. Weather in Himalayan part sometimes influenced by electrical storms associated with rain during the summer season. 2 ) Monsoon Season JAS ( July-September ) Over the India, monsoon rains begin towards the really terminal of may or the first hebdomad of June over the utmost southern parts of the peninsula and ranges by terminal of June or starting of July in the Himalayan part. It varies from less than 75 yearss over Rajasthan, to more than 120 yearss over the south-western parts of the state lending to about 75 % of the one-year rainfall ( IMD 2010 ) . The parts which receive the largest rainfall are along the west seashore of India and the provinces of Assam and west Bengal in northest India. South west monsoon usually starts over the Kerala seashore. The subsequent advancement of the monsoon may be convenientially traced in the signifier of two subdivisions, viz. , the Arabian Sea subdivision and the Bay of Bengal subdivision. The Arabian Sea subdivision bit by bit advances due norths to Mumbai by 10 June. In the interim, reaching of the Bay of Bengal monsoon over eastern portion is being observed. By mid June the Arabian Sea subdivisi on spreads over Saurashtra-Kutch and the cardinal parts of the state. Thereafter, the deflected current from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea subdivision of the monsoon tend to unify into a individual current. The staying parts of west Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, eastern half of the Rajasthan see their first monsoon showers by the first of July. The monsoon is influenced by planetary and local phenomenon like El Nino, northern hemispheric temperatures, sea surface temperatures, snow cover etc. The monsoonal rainfall oscillates between active enchantments associated with widespread rains over most parts of the state and interruptions with small rainfall activity over the fields and heavy rains across the foothills of the Himalayas. Heavy rainfall in the cragged catchments under ‘break’ conditions consequences deluging over the fields. However, really uncomfortable conditions due to high humidness and temperatures is the characteristic associated with the Breaks. SW monsoon current becomes lame and by and large starts retreating from Rajasthan by 1stSeptember and from north-western parts of India by 15ThursdaySeptember. It withdraws from about all parts of the state by 15ThursdayOctober and is replaced by a northern continental air flow called North-East Monsoon. The withdrawing monsoon air currents cause occasional showers along the east seashore of Tamil Nadu, but rainfall decreases off from coastal parts. 3 ) Post monsoon OND ( October-December ) Post monsoon season is the driest period in the Himalaya. Rivers of cragged part is by and large sustained by base flow during this period. Southern provinces of India viz. Andhra Pradesh, Telungana, Kernataka, Kerala receive good sum of rainfall accounting for approximately 35 % of their one-year sum in these months. ( IMD study ) . Daily temperature starts falling all over the state. The average temperatures over western Himalaya diminution from approximately 320C to a scope of 15-180C in the month of November. Less humidness and clear sky over the most portion of the North and cardinal India after mid-October are features characteristics of this season ( IMD,2010 ) . 4 ) Winter Season JFM ( January to March ) January to March months are considered as winter season in India. This season starts in December holding clear skies, low temperature, big daytime fluctuations of temperature. In this season rain is by and large occur over the western Himalayas, the utmost north-eastern parts, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Precipitation during this season is occurred in signifier of rainfall every bit good as in solid signifier as snow in high height parts. This is governed by the extratropical conditions system of mid-latitude part arising from Caspian sea and traveling eastward. This winter conditions system is known as western perturbations and attack India from the West through Iran, Afgansitan and Pakistan. Western perturbations and associated trough in westerlies are chief rain bearing system in northern and eastern parts of the state. Precipitation signifier in the Himalaya is based on the height. , In greater Himalaya, snowfall is the lone signifier, snow and rain in the in-between Himalayas and light to chair rain over the outer Himalayas. Average frequence of the precipitation is approximately 5 to 6 each months and lessenings as season progresss towards the terminal. How to cite Seasonal Variation in the Western Himalayan Basin, Essay examples

Audit and Investment Securities free essay sample

We do not believe that the auditors from Friehling Horowitz exercised due care and maintained professional skepticism throughout the audit. According to the AICPA website, â€Å"due professional care imposes a responsibility upon each professional within an independent auditors organization to observe the standards of field work and reporting† (AICPA). This is because the auditors should have been skeptical of Madoff’s bank account and Chase and should have looked into what that bank account was used for. The auditors should have also been skeptical about how Madoff was able to have a split-strike conversion strategy that he was able to yield â€Å"extraordinary results†. Due care was not exercised by the auditors because they did not perform independent verifications of the revenue, assets, liabilities of the client’s or for the purchase and custody of the securities of the company. The auditors also did not test internal controls which means that they expressed no professional skepticism or due care because they took management’s word for it that these controls were working fine or that they did not feel it necessary to perform audit work in general. We will write a custom essay sample on Audit and Investment Securities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As an auditor it is appropriate to obtain sufficient audit evidence with respect to the existence and valuation assertions associated with investments in the form of observable market prices, details of values in the underlying investments or audited financial statements of the alternative investments. The type of evidence that we would like to review to determine whether BLMIS had purchased investment securities would include investment contracts and invoices. The type of evidence that we would like to review to determine whether BLMIS had sold investment securities would include invoices, and confirming transaction in the entity’s account and performing the appropriate reconciliations. The type of evidence that we would like to review to determine whether BLMIS had maintained proper custody of investment securities would include confirmations, security inventory report and examine securities on hand. â€Å"Ordinary negligence is the failure to exercise due professional care, whereas gross negligence is a reckless departure from due care. Gross negligence may be also considered to be constructive fraud. Fraud requires the element of intent to deceive† (Business Forum). The level of failure that was exhibited by Friehling ; Horowitz was all three. They exhibited ordinary negligence by simply not performing the tasks of the audit. They exhibited gross negligence by not performing tasks of the audit, not testing the internal controls and not even looking into the large bank account that all the cash flowed through. Those are major areas that must be addressed in an audit and were completely disregarded by Friehling ; Horowitz. These major areas do represent the possibility of a fraud being committed between the auditors and the company. There is a possibility that there might be small mitigating factors to help defend the actions of the auditing firm but they are really no excuses for why they could not perform their job. If they have taken this engagement on, then they should have performed the specified tasks. We do believe that the auditing firm should be held criminally responsible for a fraud committed by its client’s management team because partners and other management should have been reviewing the auditors’ work and would have noticed that lots of the pieces of the audit were missing. The firm is sending the message that they hire these auditors that do not do thorough work and do not follow up with the proper paper work regarding audit reports and financial statements. It is the firm’s responsibility to perform the audit and by following all standards and when those standards are violated it is the firm who will be held responsible. Friehling should be facing criminal charges because he was not performing a thorough audit and if he had been then he would have been able to see some of the red flags of Bernie Madoff’s scheme. This would have allowed Friehling to uncover the fraud and protect the innocent clients who were losing all their money. Works Cited AICPA. AU Section 230 Due Professional Care in the Performance of Work. November 1972. 4 December 2009 ;http://www. aicpa. org/download/members/div/auditstd/AU-00230. PDF;. Business Forum. Auditors beware: key factors can lead to lawsuits. Summer-Fall 1996. 4 December 2009 ;http://www. entrepreneur. com/tradejournals/article/19104307. html;.

Avogadros Number To Calculate Mass of a Single Atom

Avogadro's Number To Calculate Mass of a Single Atom Avogadros number is one of the most important constants used in chemistry. It is the number of particles in a single mole of a material, based on the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of the isotope carbon-12. Although this number is a constant, its experimentally determined, so we use an approximate value of 6.022 x 1023. So, you know how many atoms are in a mole. Heres how to use the information to determine the mass of a single atom. Avogadro's Number Example Problem: Mass of a Single Atom Question: Calculate the mass in grams of a single carbon (C) atom. Solution To calculate the mass of a single atom, first look up the atomic mass of carbon from the periodic table.This number, 12.01, is the mass in grams of one mole of carbon. One mole of carbon is 6.022 x 1023 atoms of carbon (Avogadros number). This relation is then used to convert a carbon atom to grams by the ratio: mass of 1 atom / 1 atom mass of a mole of atoms / 6.022 x 1023 atoms Plug in the atomic mass of carbon to solve for the mass of 1 atom: mass of 1 atom mass of a mole of atoms / 6.022 x 1023 mass of 1 C atom 12.01 g / 6.022 x 1023 C atomsmass of 1 C atom 1.994 x 10-23 g Answer The mass of a single carbon atom is 1.994 x 10-23 g. Applying the Formula to Solve for Other Atoms and Molecules Although the problem was worked using carbon (the element upon which Avogadros number is based), you can use the same method to solve for the mass of an atom or molecule. If youre finding the mass of an atom of a different element, just use that elements atomic mass. If you want to use the relation to solve for the mass of a single molecule, theres an extra step. You need to add up the masses of all of the atoms in that one molecule and use them instead. Lets say, for example, you want to know the mass of a single atom of water. From the formula (H2O), you know there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. You use the periodic table to look up the mass of each atom (H is 1.01 and O is 16.00). Forming a water molecule gives you a mass of: 1.01 1.01 16.00 18.02 grams per mole of water and you solve with: mass of 1 molecule mass of one mole of molecules / 6.022 x 1023 mass of 1 water molecule 18.02 grams per mole / 6.022 x 1023 molecules per mole mass of 1 water molecule 2.992 x 10-23 grams

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buy custom The Nineteenth Century essay In nineteenth century, capitalism allowed increase in productivity and at the same time triggering social changes. They included the Napoleonic wars which sought to introduce a continental system that would make Europe to be economically self-governing. This would make the blockading power of the Royal Navy to be irrelevant. United Kingdom was well in the industrial revolution hence it resisted the agitation for peace which was called for by continental system calling for mercantile circles agitate for peace. The Napoleonic war encouraged growth of certain industries like the pig iron output that increased its output by three times. Another social change that came out in Britain was the growth of the banking system or finance and credit (Wallace, 1997). The growing importance of UK as the center of capitalism during this time, benefited from great degree where business world of Britain was open to foreigners who were talented. Some of them included Johann Baring from Bremen who becam e a very successful cloth merchant in Exeter. In early nineteenth century, capitalism as financial phenomenon was becoming entangled with new manufacturing methods and in much emphasis on textiles. The textile industries in Britain shifted from relying on cotton from Africa and Asia during U.S. civil war. Capitalism and the idea of making profit were making the world a very small place. The trend of doing business with an aim of making profit continued for a very long time in both Britain and United States. Capitalism has influenced many people and it did not seem to end even with rising tensions between the private who were after making of the huge profits and the public. The capitalism was embraced by many merchants in nineteenth century who were making a lot of investment hence deep rooting the capitalism as the only way of trading in the society. Capitalism was being seen by many as a factor which led to rise in democracy in those countries that practiced capitalism. It was also noted that capitalist states do not make war with one another and there is very little internal violence between them. Democracy that was in many countries like the Britain and United States increased significantly even among its partners. This made democracy to be associated with Capitalism (Thomas, 2008). Capitalism in both United States and Britain took control of the whole trade field that it was not that easy to stop it. Merchants who were practicing capitalism, even under high campaign against it, in those countries to stop it came to succeed. It was not easy to stop capitalism as form of trade in society. This was mainly because; it had gotten very deep into the trade sectors. It is was not easy for merchants to abandon their way of trade which they were used to and which gave them a lot of money, to one that was after the welfare of the society. Many manufacturing industries in both Britain and United States had already been used to manufacture goods for the sake of making profits. This trend continued that way up to now where they are still continuing with the same kind of business for sake of making large profits. Banking sector which was giving out services in finance with the aim of making profit would have been unable to change that policy to provide services for the sake o f peoples benefit. Socialist movements have tried to fight against the capitalism in Britain and United States but this has not been achieved yet up to now. In future, this capitalism will have to change in some of its aspects to allow for change to other factors of economy. Buy custom The Nineteenth Century essay

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Investors in People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

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General Electric Money America Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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